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PW-055 Carbohydrate Metabolism Inter-organ cycle unreviewed

Cori Cycle (lactate shuttle)

Muscle/RBC glucose -> lactate Hepatic glucose (net cost 4 ATP equivalents)
Compartment
Cytosol (muscle) + liver
Main tissue
Muscle/RBC <-> liver
Rate-limiting
Not flagged in the source
Steps
2

Reaction steps

In source order, 2 total

showing 1–2
  1. 1

    Glucose -> 2 lactate + 2 ATP (muscle/erythrocyte)

    Glycolytic enzymes + lactate dehydrogenase (LDHA) 1.1.1.27 ST-0379 Irreversible/directional NAD+
    In Glucose
    Out Lactate ATP
    › Notes

    Anaerobic ATP supply; regenerates cytosolic NAD+ so glycolysis can continue.

  2. 2

    Lactate -> pyruvate -> glucose (liver, 6 ATP equivalents)

    Lactate dehydrogenase (LDHB) + gluconeogenic enzymes 1.1.1.27 ST-0380 Irreversible/directional NAD+ ATP GTP
    In Lactate
    Out Pyruvate
    › Notes

    Net cost of 4 ATP equivalents per cycle, shifting the energy burden to liver. Metformin-associated and hypoxic lactic acidosis reflect failure of this arm.

Showing all 2 steps.

Recent literature

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Europe PMC · fetched just now · sorted by publication date

  1. 1
    Advancements in early biomarkers of acute kidney injury: from traditional indicators to a paradigm shift in lactate metabolism.

    Wu Q, Qiu X, Chen H. · 2026-01-13

    cited 2× open access unreviewed
  2. 2
    Metabolic reprogramming in fibrosis-related diseases: underlying mechanisms and therapeutics.

    Feng Y, Zhang X, Wang XJ, Chen C. · 2026-06-05

    cited 1× open access unreviewed
  3. 3
    Breaking the mold: atypical lactate and ketone elevations in thyroid storm.

    Bhuiya N, Kodali BV, Shah S, Riachy R. · 2026-04-29

    open access unreviewed
  4. 4
    Measurement of glycolysis with heavy water labeling.

    Ziari N, Hellerstein MK. · 2026-04-27

    open access unreviewed
  5. 5
    Hyperlactatemia following pesticide exposure.

    Ali Nour A, Jiang Z, Jiang Z, Zhou Y, Peng A, Zhang S, Cao Y. · 2026-05-01

    unreviewed
  6. 6
    Formation of Liver Metastases Is Accompanied by Accelerated Musculoskeletal Deficits in LLC Tumor Hosts.

    Gonzalez PO, Miller AM, Polo LFC, Plotkin LI, Pin F, Huot JR. · 2026-05-15

    open access unreviewed
  7. 7
    Lactate metabolism and lactylation in cancer: from pathogenesis to therapeutic advances.

    Fang C, Zhou S, Yu K, Zhang L, Lian W, Tie X, Chen S, Dai J, Li Q, Wang X. · 2026-05-21

    open access unreviewed
  8. 8
    Lactate and lactylation: mechanisms, function, diseases, and therapeutic targets.

    Wang X, Liu C, Chen Y, Fang Y, Li J, Liu Y, Pan Y, Bao S, Wang X, Liu Y, Liu H. · 2026-05-20

    open access unreviewed
  9. 9
    Hepatocyte estrogen-related receptor α modulates a gluconeogenic-epigenetic crosstalk counteracting MASLD/MASH progression.

    Gao J, Yang M, Duan R, Huang T, Li P, Gao L, Lu Z, Wong CW, Geng CA, Guan M. · 2026-05-08

    open access unreviewed
  10. 10
    Early ADME and Preliminary Toxicity Studies of I-152, an &lt;i&gt;N&lt;/i&gt;-Acetyl-l-Cysteine/&lt;i&gt;S&lt;/i&gt;-Acetylcysteamine Conjugate.

    Bartoccini F, Valeri A, Gregori M, Masini S, Bruschi M, Goracci L, Fraternale A, Piersanti G. · 2026-04-26

    cited 1× open access unreviewed

External claims. These come from an index outside this database and are not checked against it. Treat them as leads.