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PW-056 Carbohydrate Metabolism Inter-organ cycle unreviewed

Glucose-Alanine Cycle

Muscle pyruvate + amino nitrogen Hepatic glucose + urea nitrogen
Compartment
Cytosol
Main tissue
Muscle <-> liver
Rate-limiting
Not flagged in the source
Steps
2

Reaction steps

In source order, 2 total

showing 1–2
  1. 1

    Pyruvate + glutamate -> alanine + alpha-ketoglutarate (muscle)

    Alanine aminotransferase (ALT/GPT) 2.6.1.2 ST-0381 Reversible PLP (B6)
    In Pyruvate Glutamate
    Out Alanine Alpha-ketoglutarate
    › Notes

    Exports both muscle nitrogen and carbon in a non-toxic form.

  2. 2

    Alanine + alpha-ketoglutarate -> pyruvate + glutamate (liver)

    Alanine aminotransferase (ALT/GPT) 2.6.1.2 ST-0382 Reversible PLP (B6)
    In Alanine Alpha-ketoglutarate
    Out Pyruvate Glutamate
    › Notes

    Pyruvate enters gluconeogenesis; the nitrogen passes through glutamate to the urea cycle.

Showing all 2 steps.

Recent literature

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Europe PMC · fetched just now · sorted by publication date

  1. 1
    Physical Activity and Metabolic Alterations in Children and Adolescents Across Different Weight Groups: A Systematic Review.

    Leppänen MH, Hintikka JE, Wijnant K, Haapala EA, Lakka TA, Vanhaecke L, Viljakainen H. · 2026-07-01

    open access unreviewed
  2. 2
    Pre-Harvest Factors Drive Metabolic and Flavor Variations in Hainan Dayezhong Black Tea

    Fang Z, Zheng X, Wang Z, Guo K, Yue X, Zhang S. · 2026-06-01

    open access unreviewed
  3. 3
    1H MR-based detection of human plasma metabolic alterations in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

    Sharma RK, Solaiyappan M, Feinaj A, Brönimann S, Singla N, Bhujwalla ZM, Ged Y. · 2026-06-16

    open access unreviewed
  4. 4
    PMconv: How to Compare Proteomes and Metabolomes?

    Kozlova A, Kliuchnikova A, Gordeeva A, Lisitsa A, Ponomarenko E, Ilgisonis E. · 2026-06-04

    open access unreviewed
  5. 5
    Plasma metabolomics analysis in murine prerenal azotemia reveals changes in energy substrates, amino acid metabolism, and uremic toxins.

    Budnick I, Argabright A, Anderson CC, Bevers S, Okamura K, He Z, Reisz JA, Baker PR, Montford J, Faubel S. · 2026-04-16

    unreviewed
  6. 6
    Aspartate Aminotransferase/Alanine Aminotransferase Ratio Predicts the Post-surgical Prognosis of Patients with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

    He B, Shen L, Lin Y, Chen F, Liu F, Qiu Y, Shi B, Lin L, Wang J, Bao X. · 2026-03-31

    open access unreviewed
  7. 7
    Explainable Boosting Machine in Sepsis Prediction Using Platelet Metabolomics: An Interpretable Machine Learning Approach.

    Guldogan E, Yagin B, Korkmaz Y, Alzakari SA, Alkhalifa AK, Al-Hashem F, Yagin FH. · 2026-05-27

    open access unreviewed
  8. 8
    Plasma amino acid concentrations at admission and 28-day mortality in ST-elevation myocardial infarction.

    Meisinger C, Freuer D, Raake P, Linseisen J, Schmitz T. · 2026-05-20

    open access unreviewed
  9. 9
    The Effects of L-Citrulline on the Apparent Digestion and Metabolism of Nutrients, Blood Hormone Levels, Amino Acid Metabolism and the Diversity of Faecal Microbiota in Mares in the Later Stage of Pregnancy.

    Liu P, Yang F, Li J, Li C, Guo X, Li X. · 2026-04-30

    open access unreviewed
  10. 10
    Integrated metabolomic profiling reveals metabolomic responses by epicardial and myocardial stromal cells to ischemia.

    Sun D, Postajian A, Rostomian E, Chen Y, Park JO, Hatamian V, Vartanian KB, Thankam FG. · 2026-04-29

    open access unreviewed

External claims. These come from an index outside this database and are not checked against it. Treat them as leads.