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PW-056 Carbohydrate Metabolism Inter-organ cycle unreviewed

Glucose-Alanine Cycle

Muscle pyruvate + amino nitrogen Hepatic glucose + urea nitrogen
Compartment
Cytosol
Main tissue
Muscle <-> liver
Rate-limiting
Not flagged in the source
Steps
2

Reaction steps

In source order, 2 total

showing 1–2
  1. 1

    Pyruvate + glutamate -> alanine + alpha-ketoglutarate (muscle)

    Alanine aminotransferase (ALT/GPT) 2.6.1.2 ST-0381 Reversible PLP (B6)
    In Pyruvate Glutamate
    Out Alanine Alpha-ketoglutarate
    › Notes

    Exports both muscle nitrogen and carbon in a non-toxic form.

  2. 2

    Alanine + alpha-ketoglutarate -> pyruvate + glutamate (liver)

    Alanine aminotransferase (ALT/GPT) 2.6.1.2 ST-0382 Reversible PLP (B6)
    In Alanine Alpha-ketoglutarate
    Out Pyruvate Glutamate
    › Notes

    Pyruvate enters gluconeogenesis; the nitrogen passes through glutamate to the urea cycle.

Showing all 2 steps.

Recent literature

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Europe PMC · fetched just now · sorted by publication date

  1. 1
    Autolysosomal enhancer GHF201 attenuates pathophysiology in a mucopolysaccharidosis type I mouse model

    · 2026-10-06

    open access unreviewed
  2. 2
    Metabolome analyses of the rumen, feces and blood reveal separate and simultaneous impacts of increased dietary concentrate and hindgut starch flow in Holstein cows.

    Castillo-Lopez E, Aigensberger M, Atif RM, Biber P, Hartinger T, Raykova S, Guerrero-Lavin A, Reisinger N, Sc… · 2026-10-03

    open access unreviewed
  3. 3
    Salivary metabolic profile in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and potentially malignant disorders.

    Soiniemi L, Hyvärinen E, Mikkonen J, Jäsberg H, Kashyap B, Kullaa A. · 2026-10-02

    open access unreviewed
  4. 4
    Exploring the potential of sequential fermentation with indigenous &lt;i&gt;Candida&lt;/i&gt; sp. and &lt;i&gt;Saccharomyces cerevisiae&lt;/i&gt; to enhance chemical profile and flavor characteristics of apricot wine.

    Han B, Li S, Ma J, Ma Y, Wang Y, Wu H, Li D, Wang Y, Liu H. · 2026-08-27

    open access unreviewed
  5. 5
    Urinary Metabolic Profiles Before and After the Winter Training Season in Female Soccer Players.

    Kim HY, Lee JD, Lee HS, Chang JS, Kim S, Hwang GW, Kim KB. · 2026-09-14

    open access unreviewed
  6. 6
    Association of three different dietary patterns with the metabolomic profiles of children: the BiomarKid project.

    Gheorghita I, Vehovec L, Grote V, Horak J, Gispert-Llauradó M, Ferré N, Koletzko B, Demmelmair H, Kratochwill… · 2026-09-12

    open access unreviewed
  7. 7
    Marine heatwaves suppress nutrient utilization and reproductive flexibility in humpback whales.

    Chang CT, Clifton CW, West KL, Steel D, Baker S, Wallsgrove NJ, Popp BN. · 2026-08-19

    cited 1× open access unreviewed
  8. 8
    Metabolomic Profiling in Children with Sleep Disorders: An Exploratory Pilot Study.

    Pintus R, Evangelisti M, Piras C, Arpinelli M, Vassilios F, Noto A, Di Nardo G, Villa MP. · 2026-08-26

    open access unreviewed
  9. 9
    Serum Metabolomic Profiling in a Neonatal Piglet Model of Perinatal Asphyxia: A Pilot Study in Search of Candidate Biomarkers of Acute Hypoxic Injury and Early Post-Resuscitation Recovery.

    Bikouli ED, Christodoulou P, Sokou R, Karampela E, Mougiou V, Cheilari A, Tsiantas K, Thomaidis NS, Iacovidou… · 2026-08-05

    open access unreviewed
  10. 10
    High-intensity interval training has a greater effect on metabolic profiles than the dietary composition in male rats.

    Taji Tabas A, Saghebjoo M, Ghahremani R, Hedayati M. · 2026-08-01

    open access unreviewed

External claims. These come from an index outside this database and are not checked against it. Treat them as leads.