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PW-050 Cofactor & Vitamin Metabolism Cofactor recycling unreviewed

Vitamin K Cycle

Vitamin K hydroquinone + glutamate residues gamma-Carboxyglutamate residues (active clotting factors)
Compartment
ER membrane
Main tissue
Liver
Rate-limiting
Vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKORC1)
Steps
3

Reaction steps

In source order, 3 total

showing 1–3
  1. 1

    Glutamate residue + CO2 + O2 + vitamin K hydroquinone -> gamma-carboxyglutamate + vitamin K epoxide

    gamma-Glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX) 4.1.1.90 ST-0364 Irreversible/directional Vitamin K hydroquinone O2 CO2
    In Glutamate residue CO2 O2 Vitamin K hydroquinone
    Out gamma-carboxyglutamate Vitamin K epoxide
    › Notes

    Gla residues chelate Ca2+ and anchor factors II, VII, IX, X and proteins C, S and Z to phospholipid membranes; also osteocalcin and matrix Gla protein.

  2. 2

    Vitamin K 2,3-epoxide -> vitamin K quinone

    Vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKORC1) 1.17.4.4 ST-0365 Irreversible/directional rate-limiting
    In Vitamin K 2,3-epoxide
    Out Vitamin K quinone
    › Notes

    The warfarin target. VKORC1 polymorphisms are a major determinant of warfarin dose requirement.

  3. 3

    Vitamin K quinone + NAD(P)H -> vitamin K hydroquinone

    VKORC1 / NQO1 quinone reductase ST-0366 Irreversible/directional NAD(P)H
    In Vitamin K quinone NAD(P)H
    Out Vitamin K hydroquinone
    › Notes

    The NQO1-dependent bypass explains why high-dose vitamin K can overcome warfarin.

Showing all 3 steps.

Recent literature

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Europe PMC · fetched just now · sorted by publication date

  1. 1
    Ferroptosis: significance to zoonotic diseases and therapeutic prospects.

    Tian L, Cheng X, Ni J, Yang R, Ouyang W, Qi T, Liu Q, Wang D, Chen H, Wang X. · 2026-08-25

    open access unreviewed
  2. 2
    Ferroptosis in liver biology and diseases.

    Cao P, He P, Du K, Jaeschke H, Lemasters JJ, Chen Y, Wong CC, Ding WX. · 2026-09-28

    open access unreviewed
  3. 3
    Associations of long-term vitamin K antagonist and direct oral anticoagulant therapies with progression of coronary artery calcification: A Danish population-based study.

    Hasific S, Gerke O, Øvrehus KA, Hallas J, Lindholt JS, Lambrechtsen J, Steffensen FH, Frost L, Karon M, Diede… · 2026-08-04

    open access unreviewed
  4. 4
    Warfarin-Induced Developmental Toxicity: Insights into Embryogenesis, Teratogenicity, and Molecular Pathways.

    Magee E, Kuhnel G, Geetha-Loganathan P. · 2026-08-01

    open access unreviewed
  5. 5
    Molecular mechanisms, therapeutic strategies, and inter-organ fibrosis crosstalk of Gla proteins in cardiovascular disease.

    Zhao S, Bush S, Rosas IO, Reilly S, Wehrens XHT. · 2026-08-05

    open access unreviewed
  6. 6
    From the Cosmos to the Cell: The Central Role of Iron in the Chemistry and Evolution of Life.

    Arosio P, Bou-Abdallah F. · 2026-07-25

    open access unreviewed
  7. 7
    Sex-Related Effect of Chronic Doses of Warfarin and Menadione on <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>.

    Lavrenova A, Kozlova M, Klychnikov O, Nefedova L. · 2026-07-04

    open access unreviewed
  8. 8
    Systematic Identification of Therapeutic Targets and Repurposed Drugs for Stroke: From Genome Causal Analysis to Multilevel Validation.

    Zhang X, Zhang YM, Li JL, Wang W, Tu WJ, Wang HQ. · 2026-06-23

    open access unreviewed
  9. 9
    Metal-dependent regulated cell death: Molecular architecture and translational frontiers.

    Hu H, Chen Z, Li Y, Peng J, Cao J, Zhou H, Wang M, Du Y, Wu H, Zhao H, Huang S, Yu D, Liu M, Shevchenko OV, M… · 2026-06-01

    open access unreviewed
  10. 10
    Severe Hypoprothrombinemia Associated With Vitamin K Deficiency During Prolonged Cefazolin Therapy in a Hemodialysis Patient.

    Morimoto M, Mihara Y, Yoshida M, Sunahara Y, Ikemura N, Kitamoto K, Kusaba T, Hamashima R, Yuki Y, Inaba T, T… · 2026-06-06

    open access unreviewed

External claims. These come from an index outside this database and are not checked against it. Treat them as leads.