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PW-048 Energy Metabolism & Cellular Respiration Transport (redox) unreviewed

Glycerol-3-Phosphate Shuttle

Cytosolic NADH Mitochondrial FADH2 (~1.5 ATP per NADH)
Compartment
Cytosol + inner mitochondrial membrane
Main tissue
Skeletal muscle, brown adipose tissue, brain
Rate-limiting
Not flagged in the source
Steps
2

Reaction steps

In source order, 2 total

showing 1–2
  1. 1

    Dihydroxyacetone phosphate + NADH + H+ -> glycerol-3-phosphate + NAD+

    Cytosolic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD1) 1.1.1.8 ST-0358 Reversible NADH
    In Dihydroxyacetone phosphate NADH H+
    Out Glycerol-3-phosphate NAD+
    › Notes

    Cytosolic half of the shuttle.

  2. 2

    Glycerol-3-phosphate + FAD -> dihydroxyacetone phosphate + FADH2

    Mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD2) 1.1.5.3 ST-0359 Irreversible/directional FAD
    In Glycerol-3-phosphate FAD
    Out Dihydroxyacetone phosphate FADH2
    › Notes

    Faces the intermembrane space and feeds electrons to the Q pool, so each cytosolic NADH yields only ~1.5 ATP. Dominant in skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue.

Showing all 2 steps.

Recent literature

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  1. 1
    Common pathways and outliers in glucose catabolism across Trypanosomatidae.

    Opperdoes FR, Alencar MB, Silber AM, Škodová-Sveráková I, Záhonová K, Yurchenko V. · 2026-08-05

    unreviewed
  2. 2
    The malate-aspartate shuttle supports thermogenic lipid mobilization in brown adipocytes.

    Veliova M, Ferreira CM, Montales KP, Villalobos F, Brownstein AJ, Acín-Pérez R, Ferreira GS, Jones AE, Stiles… · 2026-02-18

    unreviewed
  3. 3
    CKD disrupts cardiac energy metabolism and aggravates cardiac inflammation, oxidative stress, and dysfunction post-infarction.

    Schulte C, Wollenhaupt J, Hourtz S, Harlacher E, Moellmann J, Cruz Junho CV, Kohlhaas M, Jankowski V, Jin H, … · 2026-07-24

    unreviewed
  4. 4
    Plasma metabolomics reveals distinct responses to acute and chronic heat stress in broilers.

    Papanikolaou A, Kampschoer EMJM, Matthijs MGR, Schonewille JT, Khempaka S, Berkers CR, Zaal EA. · 2026-03-28

    open access unreviewed
  5. 5
    Charge-Competition AIEgens Induce Mitochondrial Dysfunction for Selective Eradication of <i>Candida albicans</i> while Restoring Vaginal Microbiota.

    Zhang R, Li X, Chen X, Shen A, Zhang X, Peng C, Qiu J. · 2026-06-12

    open access unreviewed
  6. 6
    An integrated anti-aging framework targeting NAD<sup>+</sup> homeostasis, mitochondrial quality control, and redox stability: Roles of NMN/NR, PQQ, and EGT.

    Sun Y, Han JC, Tran K, Pham T, Zhou Q, Lu J. · 2026-04-24

    open access unreviewed
  7. 7
    Glycerol metabolism is activated in both palmitic acid-stimulated and adipose tissue macrophages from a murine model of cardiometabolic heart failure.

    Luévano-Martínez LA, Méndez-Fernández A, Rueda-Munguía M, Bonilla-Ruelas D, Brunck MEG, García-Rivas G. · 2025-02-20

    cited 3× unreviewed
  8. 8
    The Molecular Mechanisms of Metformin's Action on Blood Lipid Profile in Diabetic Patients.

    Dettlaff-Pokora A, Swierczynski J. · 2026-05-21

    open access unreviewed
  9. 9
    Targeting NAD Homeostasis: Compartmentalization, Quantification, and Modulation.

    Nobile M, Fontanini V, Serrao S, Burtscher J, Re F, Paglia G. · 2026-05-18

    open access unreviewed
  10. 10
    GPD1L supports glycerol-3-phosphate and triacylglycerol synthesis and promotes tumor progression in HCC.

    Yu TC, Zhao L, Sze KM, Tian L, Zhang VX, Lee E, Kam CS, Lee JM, Ho DW, Ho DW, Tsui YM, Chan LK, Ng IO. · 2025-05-09

    cited 1× open access unreviewed

External claims. These come from an index outside this database and are not checked against it. Treat them as leads.