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PW-048 Energy Metabolism & Cellular Respiration Transport (redox) unreviewed

Glycerol-3-Phosphate Shuttle

Cytosolic NADH Mitochondrial FADH2 (~1.5 ATP per NADH)
Compartment
Cytosol + inner mitochondrial membrane
Main tissue
Skeletal muscle, brown adipose tissue, brain
Rate-limiting
Not flagged in the source
Steps
2

Reaction steps

In source order, 2 total

showing 1–2
  1. 1

    Dihydroxyacetone phosphate + NADH + H+ -> glycerol-3-phosphate + NAD+

    Cytosolic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD1) 1.1.1.8 ST-0358 Reversible NADH
    In Dihydroxyacetone phosphate NADH H+
    Out Glycerol-3-phosphate NAD+
    › Notes

    Cytosolic half of the shuttle.

  2. 2

    Glycerol-3-phosphate + FAD -> dihydroxyacetone phosphate + FADH2

    Mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD2) 1.1.5.3 ST-0359 Irreversible/directional FAD
    In Glycerol-3-phosphate FAD
    Out Dihydroxyacetone phosphate FADH2
    › Notes

    Faces the intermembrane space and feeds electrons to the Q pool, so each cytosolic NADH yields only ~1.5 ATP. Dominant in skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue.

Showing all 2 steps.

Recent literature

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Europe PMC · fetched just now · sorted by publication date

  1. 1
    Metabolome analyses of the rumen, feces and blood reveal separate and simultaneous impacts of increased dietary concentrate and hindgut starch flow in Holstein cows.

    Castillo-Lopez E, Aigensberger M, Atif RM, Biber P, Hartinger T, Raykova S, Guerrero-Lavin A, Reisinger N, Sc… · 2026-10-03

    open access unreviewed
  2. 2
    Relationship Between Hypovitaminosis C, Obesity, and Features of Metabolic Syndrome-A Narrative Review.

    Wilson RB, Liang Y, Kaushal D, Carr A. · 2026-10-01

    open access unreviewed
  3. 3
    CKD disrupts cardiac energy metabolism and aggravates cardiac inflammation, oxidative stress, and dysfunction post-infarction.

    Schulte C, Wollenhaupt J, Hourtz S, Harlacher E, Moellmann J, Cruz Junho CV, Kohlhaas M, Jankowski V, Jin H, … · 2026-09-01

    open access unreviewed
  4. 4
    Redox coupling of lactate and β-hydroxybutyrate: An inter-organ circuit linking metabolic flexibility, mitochondrial adaptation, and disease.

    Lin D, Qiu X, Wang Y, Xiang Y, Huang C. · 2026-06-26

    open access unreviewed
  5. 5
    Redox imbalance dictates dependence on GOT1 versus GOT2 for rod photoreceptor health during aging and stress.

    Chen M, Weh E, Goswami MT, Weh KM, Hager H, Sajjakulnukit P, Weingarten AJ, Subramanya S, Miller N, Chaudhury… · 2026-06-18

    open access unreviewed
  6. 6
    Maternal reproductive precocity shapes immunometabolic responses to lipopolysaccharide challenge in Japanese quail offspring.

    Conceição JDS, Gasparino E, Khatlab AS, Barbosa MAP, Santos VDS, da Silva LS, Bastos MS, Santana TP, Marcato … · 2026-08-03

    open access unreviewed
  7. 7
    Role of Glycerol-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase in the Development, Pathogenicity, and Glycerol Biosynthesis of <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>.

    Zhang L, Zhao J, Lin H, Wu S, Wu F, Ning H, Wang X, Yuan J, Yang Y. · 2026-08-14

    open access unreviewed
  8. 8
    Neutrophil-based immunotherapy: A metabolic lens on mechanisms and therapeutic implications.

    Xu W, Su Y, Zhou L, Liu J, Guo J. · 2026-08-01

    open access unreviewed
  9. 9
    Common pathways and outliers in glucose catabolism across Trypanosomatidae.

    Opperdoes FR, Alencar MB, Silber AM, Škodová-Sveráková I, Záhonová K, Yurchenko V. · 2026-08-05

    unreviewed
  10. 10
    Mitochondrial localization of key NAD<sup>+</sup>-dependent dehydrogenases explains the exceptionally high biomass yield on ethanol of the yeast <i>Cyberlindnera jadinii</i>.

    Warmerdam M, Pijman YO, Pedersen MP, Wattel K, Vieira-Lara MA, Pronk JT. · 2026-07-10

    open access unreviewed

External claims. These come from an index outside this database and are not checked against it. Treat them as leads.