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unreviewed

Pyruvate kinase

2 reactions · 2 pathways

Cofactors used

ATP K+ Mg2+ · Magnesium Mn2+

Clinical / pharmacological. PK deficiency: chronic non-spherocytic haemolytic anaemia

What it does, reaction by reaction

2 reactions

Glycolysis Carbohydrate Metabolism · Cytosol

step 10 Irreversible

Phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP → pyruvate + ATP

Converts Phosphoenolpyruvate ADP into Pyruvate ATP

› Notes

Pyruvate kinase requires K+ and Mg2+ (or Mn2+) and performs the second substrate-level phosphorylation. This step is irreversible; in liver it is an important regulatory point and is activated feed-forward by fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. It occurs twice per glucose and yields two additional ATP.

Anaerobic Glycolysis / Lactic Acid Fermentation Energy Metabolism & Cellular Respiration · Cytosol

step 10 Irreversible

Phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP → pyruvate + ATP

Converts Phosphoenolpyruvate ADP into Pyruvate ATP

› Notes

Required cofactors: ADP, Mg2+, and K+. This is essentially irreversible and a major regulatory step; it is activated feed-forward by fructose-1,6-bisphosphate in many tissues. The second substrate-level phosphorylation generates two ATP per glucose at this stage.

Showing all 2 reactions.

What accelerates and inhibits it

Regulation is pathway-specific, so each context is listed separately

2 entries

Anaerobic Glycolysis / Lactic Acid Fermentation

Accelerated by

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate; ADP

Inhibited by

ATP, alanine; hepatic phosphorylation inhibits the L isoform

Hormonal control

Insulin promotes dephosphorylation/activation and expression of liver pyruvate kinase; glucagon/epinephrine phosphorylate and inhibit hepatic pyruvate kinase

Glycolysis

Listed there as: Pyruvate kinase (liver isoform)

Accelerated by

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

Inhibited by

ATP, alanine; phosphorylation

Hormonal control

Insulin promotes dephosphorylation and activity; glucagon/epinephrine activate protein kinase A, phosphorylating and inhibiting the liver isoform

Recent literature

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    unreviewed
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    Gao LM, Liu L, Yang XD, Long CM, Wu X. · 2026-06-01

    open access unreviewed
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    Zuo J, Zhang S, Huang W, Liu J, Gao C, Hu GP, Song W, Li X, Wei W, Wu J, Liu L, Liu K, Xu N. · 2026-06-01

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    Fan Y, Tang X, Li S, Liu S, Fang Y, Sun X, Xue Z, Niu H, Chen Y, Dai C, Ling R. · 2026-06-09

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    Torres-Mayo A, Liébana-García R, Olivares M, Pellón A, Anguita J, Sanz Y. · 2026-05-05

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    cited 2× open access unreviewed

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