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unreviewed

Pyruvate kinase

2 reactions · 2 pathways

Cofactors used

ATP K+ Mg2+ · Magnesium Mn2+

Clinical / pharmacological. PK deficiency: chronic non-spherocytic haemolytic anaemia

What it does, reaction by reaction

2 reactions

Glycolysis Carbohydrate Metabolism · Cytosol

step 10 Irreversible

Phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP → pyruvate + ATP

Converts Phosphoenolpyruvate ADP into Pyruvate ATP

› Notes

Pyruvate kinase requires K+ and Mg2+ (or Mn2+) and performs the second substrate-level phosphorylation. This step is irreversible; in liver it is an important regulatory point and is activated feed-forward by fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. It occurs twice per glucose and yields two additional ATP.

Anaerobic Glycolysis / Lactic Acid Fermentation Energy Metabolism & Cellular Respiration · Cytosol

step 10 Irreversible

Phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP → pyruvate + ATP

Converts Phosphoenolpyruvate ADP into Pyruvate ATP

› Notes

Required cofactors: ADP, Mg2+, and K+. This is essentially irreversible and a major regulatory step; it is activated feed-forward by fructose-1,6-bisphosphate in many tissues. The second substrate-level phosphorylation generates two ATP per glucose at this stage.

Showing all 2 reactions.

What accelerates and inhibits it

Regulation is pathway-specific, so each context is listed separately

2 entries

Anaerobic Glycolysis / Lactic Acid Fermentation

Accelerated by

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate; ADP

Inhibited by

ATP, alanine; hepatic phosphorylation inhibits the L isoform

Hormonal control

Insulin promotes dephosphorylation/activation and expression of liver pyruvate kinase; glucagon/epinephrine phosphorylate and inhibit hepatic pyruvate kinase

Glycolysis

Listed there as: Pyruvate kinase (liver isoform)

Accelerated by

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

Inhibited by

ATP, alanine; phosphorylation

Hormonal control

Insulin promotes dephosphorylation and activity; glucagon/epinephrine activate protein kinase A, phosphorylating and inhibiting the liver isoform

Recent literature

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Europe PMC · fetched just now · sorted by publication date

  1. 1
    Metabolic engineering of <i>Escherichia coli</i> for efficient production of d-phenylglycine.

    Xiong Y, Shang Z, Lu L, Wang T, Cai G, Shen X, Sun X, Wang J, Yuan Q. · 2026-08-07

    open access unreviewed
  2. 2
    Functionalized biomaterial platforms for interventional embolization therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma.

    Zheng N, Tang Z, Yang G, Deng L, Zhao Q, Zhao Y, Zhang J, Wang X, Chai Y, Chen Y, Wu Y, Fu Y, Liu S, Li J, Lu… · 2026-09-08

    open access unreviewed
  3. 3
    Bioactive glasses-mediated ion therapy ameliorates hepatic osteodystrophy by reprogramming the liver-bone axis.

    Liu SC, Xie E, Zhao P, Liu YS, Xie ZY, Chang HD, Zhao WD, Huang PY, Zhu YX, Rehman MAU, Gao Y, Urbani L, Gou … · 2026-08-31

    open access unreviewed
  4. 4
    Dual metabolic checkpoint blockade <i>via</i> a 3D-Printed metalloplatform remodels the tumor ecosystem for systemic antitumor immunity.

    Meng X, Liu Z, Hao Y, Zhu Y, Gu J, Zhong H, He Y, Fu J. · 2026-08-31

    open access unreviewed
  5. 5
    Metabolic reprogramming in colorectal cancer: Mechanisms and therapeutic insights.

    Xiao W, Tan D, Zeng W, Nie X, Wang M. · 2026-01-28

    open access unreviewed
  6. 6
    Akt signaling regulates the activities of lymphatic malformation endothelial cells through PKM2 nuclear translocation.

    Wang P, Chen S, Wang R, Tong G, Yang S, Zhong W, Cai Y. · 2026-09-12

    unreviewed
  7. 7
    Biomimetic stress granules replenish lysosomal repair to reinstate macrophage immunometabolic antibacterial programs.

    Zhao S, Chen L, Shao Z, Sun Y, Mu X, Yao M, Chen J, Jin X, Wang F, Chai X, Xue Y, Yinwang E, Chen S, Mou H, W… · 2026-08-05

    open access unreviewed
  8. 8
    A metabolically reprogrammable nanoplatform potentiates photodynamic immunotherapy through glycolytic blockade.

    Zhang J, Liu Z, Jiang Y, Cao C, Liu H, Wang H, Ding K, Song J, Wang D, Cao J, Wu W, Ding D, Fu R, Zhou X. · 2026-07-09

    unreviewed
  9. 9
    Integrated multi-omics analysis identifies PPAR signaling network associations with metabolic-immune dysregulation and intestinal injury in PDCoV-infected piglets.

    Guo X, A C, Ding Y, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Wang J, Zhang Y, Wang T. · 2026-09-27

    open access unreviewed
  10. 10
    Distinct metabolomic signatures of SGLT2 inhibitor vs. sulfonylurea in a paired human liver biopsy study.

    Takeshita Y, Oo HK, Nakano Y, Ueno A, Oishi M, Tsujiguchi H, Soga T, Yamashita T, Honda M, Takamura T. · 2026-09-14

    open access unreviewed

External claims. These come from an index outside this database and are not checked against it. Treat them as leads.