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unreviewed

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK)

1 reactions · 1 pathways

Cofactors used

GTP Mg2+ · Magnesium Mn2+

What it does, reaction by reaction

1 reactions

Gluconeogenesis Carbohydrate Metabolism · Cytosol + mitochondrion + ER

step 4 Irreversible

Oxaloacetate + GTP → phosphoenolpyruvate + GDP + CO2

Converts Oxaloacetate GTP into Phosphoenolpyruvate GDP CO2

› Notes

Cytosolic or mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) requires GTP and Mg2+/Mn2+. Decarboxylation drives phosphorylation to PEP; together with step 1, it bypasses pyruvate kinase and is effectively irreversible. Mitochondrially formed PEP can be exported when the mitochondrial isoenzyme is used.

Showing all 1 reactions.

What accelerates and inhibits it

Regulation is pathway-specific, so each context is listed separately

1 entries

Gluconeogenesis

Listed there as: Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase

Accelerated by

Substrate availability

Inhibited by

ADP

Hormonal control

Glucagon and cortisol induce transcription; insulin represses transcription

Recent literature

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Europe PMC · fetched just now · sorted by publication date

  1. 1
    Metabolic reprogramming in colorectal cancer: Mechanisms and therapeutic insights.

    Xiao W, Tan D, Zeng W, Nie X, Wang M. · 2026-01-28

    open access unreviewed
  2. 2
    Hepatocyte SLC31A1-dependent copper accumulation contributes to hepatic glucose and lipid metabolic disturbances through AMPKα1 inactivation.

    Cheng YQ, Wei M, Yang L, Zhuang YY, Lu QB. · 2026-09-11

    open access unreviewed
  3. 3
    Natural products alleviate exercise-induced fatigue by modulating gut microbiota: a systematic review.

    Yan D, Jiao T. · 2026-09-07

    open access unreviewed
  4. 4
    Physiological benefits of protected AD3E on nutrient digestibility, hematology, and small intestinal morphology and carcass characteristics in fattening lambs.

    Kelk DZ, Soroor MEN, Hozhabri F, Cheraghi H, Rashidi KB. · 2026-07-01

    open access unreviewed
  5. 5
    Enhanced lactose utilization from milk enriched in Uridine-5'-monophosphate drives hepatic energy storage in young mammals.

    Gao LM, Liu L, Yang XD, Long CM, Wu X. · 2026-06-01

    open access unreviewed
  6. 6
    The gut microbiome-bile acid-FXR interplay: a pivotal axis in metabolic and gastrointestinal diseases.

    Shou J, Fu T. · 2026-05-01

    cited 3× open access unreviewed
  7. 7
    Circadian synchronization between diet and gut microbiota in modulating host's health.

    Ma J, Zhen Y, Weng Y, Lin J, Zhang C, Zhong Y, Zhou J, Wang M. · 2026-03-31

    open access unreviewed
  8. 8
    Gut microbiota metabolic reprogramming drives the development of metabolic diseases in the host.

    Wang Y, Huang B, Wei X, Guan Y, Li L, Zheng Y, Sun W. · 2026-03-14

    cited 40× open access unreviewed
  9. 9
    Advancements in early biomarkers of acute kidney injury: from traditional indicators to a paradigm shift in lactate metabolism.

    Wu Q, Qiu X, Chen H. · 2026-01-13

    cited 5× open access unreviewed
  10. 10
    High‑fat diet exacerbates hepatic and adipose insulin signaling impairment and ovarian lesions in a rat model of letrozole‑induced polycystic ovary syndrome.

    So S, Kwon S, Choi Y, Kim DY, Kim MH. · 2026-09-18

    open access unreviewed

External claims. These come from an index outside this database and are not checked against it. Treat them as leads.