rate-limiting unreviewed

Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD)

2 reactions · 1 pathways

Cofactors used

NADP+ · B3 (Niacin) NADPH · B3 (Niacin)

Clinical / pharmacological. DPD deficiency: severe 5-fluorouracil toxicity

What it does, reaction by reaction

2 reactions

Pyrimidine Degradation Nucleotide Metabolism · Cytosol

step 6 Irreversible/directional rate-limiting

Uracil → 5,6-dihydrouracil

Converts Uracil into 5,6-Dihydrouracil

› Notes

DPD catalyzes uracil + NADPH + H+ → 5,6-dihydrouracil + NADP+. DPD is a large flavoprotein/iron-sulfur enzyme requiring FAD, FMN, and NADPH; this NADPH-dependent reduction is the rate-limiting step of pyrimidine degradation.

step 7 Irreversible/directional rate-limiting

Thymine → 5,6-dihydrothymine

Converts Thymine into 5,6-Dihydrothymine

› Notes

DPD catalyzes thymine + NADPH + H+ → 5,6-dihydrothymine + NADP+. The same rate-limiting enzyme handles both major pyrimidine bases.

Showing all 2 reactions.

What accelerates and inhibits it

Regulation is pathway-specific, so each context is listed separately

1 entries

Pyrimidine Degradation

Accelerated by

Uracil/thymine availability; adequate NADPH

Inhibited by

5-ethynyluracil and pharmacologic DPD inhibitors; genetic deficiency markedly lowers activity

Hormonal control

No major direct hormonal regulation; expression/activity vary substantially among individuals and tissues.

Recent literature

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Europe PMC · fetched just now · sorted by publication date

1
Low-dose l-carnitine supplementation attenuates hepatic lipid accumulation in chow-fed mice: Insights from integrated multi-omics analysis.
Zhang Z, Ding B, Zhang L, Zhang L, Huang Y. · 2026-09-10

open access unreviewed
2
CellSearch-based isolation of circulating tumor cells from ascitic fluid enables molecular characterization of ovarian cancer.
Gorini F, Maloberti T, Coschina E, Mezzapesa F, Petrovic B, Gallerani G, Ferracin M, Scarpelli E, De Leo A, K… · 2026-08-31

open access unreviewed
3
HSV-1 metabolic hijacking: Mechanisms to precision therapeutics.
Kuang S, Zhang J, Chen J, He Z, Yang J, Li S, Ding J, Ma Z, Zhang B. · 2026-08-11

open access unreviewed
4
Exploring the gut microbiome and metabolomic interactions of antimetabolite drugs to optimize therapy.
Chen J, Wang Y, Xu L, Li X, Zhao L. · 2026-02-27

cited 1× open access unreviewed
5
Prevalence and clinical impact of the uncommon DPYD c.257C>T (Pro86Leu) variant in a multiethnic cohort receiving fluoropyrimidine therapy.
Carp MJ, Ring G, Waldhorn I, Shempliner A, Schantzer T, Mor N, Ryvo L, Kurnik D, Efrati E. · 2026-08-04

unreviewed
6
Pharmacogenomic and drug interactions risk in cardio-oncology: A precision medicine perspective for India.
Verma A, D P. · 2026-08-12

unreviewed
7
ZBED6-driven nucleotide metabolic reprogramming improves sensitivity to anti-PD1 therapy in NK/T cell lymphoma.
Song C, Liu W, Xie X, Peng C, Zhu L, Liu L, Zou Y, Xie X, Tang H, Zhu J, Liu C, Wang H. · 2026-07-31

unreviewed
8
DPYD and UGT1A1 Genotype-Based Dosing for Fluoropyrimidines and Irinotecan Chemotherapy: Variant-Specific Impact on Treatment Intensity and Toxicity.
Gambron M, Peruzzi E, Perfler S, Montico M, Cecchin R, De Mattia E, Spina M, Lisanti C, Corsetti S, Foltran L… · 2026-06-09

open access unreviewed
9
Standardizing Cell Ontology terms for cross-study integration in the female reproductive tract
Ong H, Saunders D, Eastwood C, Puig-Barbe A, Kochersberger A, Galligos A, Marshall B, Johnson B, Kratka C, Ji… · 2026-10-09

open access unreviewed
10
Next‐Generation Sequencing‐Based Molecular Profiling and Management of Advanced Solid Tumors: A Real‐World Experience in a Community‐Based Academic Cancer Center
Moorthy G, Sereika A, Kaul K, Parilla M, Alikhan M, Bouma M, Wake D, Hulick P, Dunnenberger H, Sabatini L, Ya… · 2026-10-01

open access unreviewed

External claims. These come from an index outside this database and are not checked against it. Treat them as leads.