Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR / XDH-XO)
Cofactors used
Clinical / pharmacological. Target of allopurinol and febuxostat; deficiency causes xanthinuria
What it does, reaction by reaction
Purine Degradation (to Uric Acid) Nucleotide Metabolism · Cytosol
Hypoxanthine → xanthine
Converts Hypoxanthine into Xanthine
› Notes
Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) catalyzes hypoxanthine + H2O + oxidized electron acceptor → xanthine + reduced electron acceptor. As xanthine dehydrogenase, XOR can transfer electrons to NAD+; as xanthine oxidase, it transfers electrons to O2, generating superoxide and/or H2O2. The molybdenum cofactor, FAD, and iron-sulfur centers are required.
Xanthine → uric acid (urate)
Converts Xanthine into Uric acid
› Notes
XOR catalyzes xanthine + H2O + oxidized electron acceptor → uric acid + reduced electron acceptor. This is the terminal oxidation in humans and is effectively irreversible; uric acid is largely deprotonated to monosodium urate in extracellular fluid.
Showing all 2 reactions.
What accelerates and inhibits it
Regulation is pathway-specific, so each context is listed separately
Purine Degradation (to Uric Acid)
Listed there as: Xanthine oxidoreductase
Hypoxanthine/xanthine availability; conversion of dehydrogenase to oxidase can occur with oxidation/proteolysis
Allopurinol (via oxypurinol), febuxostat, topiroxostat
No dominant acute hormonal regulation; expression can rise with inflammatory and hypoxic/ischemic stress.
Recent literature
Europe PMC · fetched just now · sorted by publication date
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1
Engineering nonconventional yeasts to produce carboxylic acids: Advances and Prospects.
Zhang L, Fan Y, Shi W, Zhou X. · 2026-07-16
open access unreviewed -
2
Integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics reveal suppression of the PPAR α/γ pathway linking purine metabolism disorder to high-protein diet-induced hyperuricemia in goslings.
Li X, Xie Y, Zhang M, Zou T, Zhong C, Rajput ZI, Bi S, Cao L. · 2026-08-04
open access unreviewed -
3
Evaluation of subacute toxicity of highly bioavailable curcuRouge® formulation by a repeated dose 28-day oral exposure toxicology study in sprague dawley rats with safety assessment.
Kapoor MP, Musumi K, Katsuura Y, Aoyama H, Kochizawa M, Tanigaki K, Kishimoto A, Hashimoto T. · 2026-08-27
open access unreviewed -
4
Associations of childhood maltreatment types and timing with oxidative stress in formerly out-of-home placed young adults.
Von Wendorff C, Meier M, Schalinski I, Dwir D, Giangreco B, Klauser P, Beck K, Demirkiran G, Schneider P, Das… · 2026-09-02
open access unreviewed -
5
What do we know about redox status? A review in neonates of mothers with preeclampsia.
Avilés-Garcia JC, Aguilar-Dueñas MF, Ceballos G, Torres-Ramos YD. · 2026-08-26
open access unreviewed -
6
Urate-lowering therapy modifies associations between urinary urate and kidney outcome.
Takata T, Mae Y, Hoi S, Otani N, Sugihara T, Hisatome I, Isomoto H. · 2026-08-24
open access unreviewed -
7
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of benzoisonicotinamide derivatives as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors guided by metabolic stability.
Ge GH, Guo S, Yu WH, Liu LR, Hou YF, Yan JH, Wang H, Meng FH, Zhang TJ. · 2026-08-10
unreviewed -
8
Shaoyao Gancao decoction ameliorates vascular dementia by modulating neuroinflammation and oxidative stress pathways.
Zhang Q, Zhang X, Wang Y, Bai M, Zhang M, Yu J, Yin Y, Sun K, Chen Y, Shao Q, Ding Y. · 2026-08-09
unreviewed -
9
Ginsenoside Rg1 suppresses urate-induced renal tubular ferroptosis through PPARG-dependent antioxidant signaling.
Wang J, Wang H, Zhang S, Jiang X, Zhang H, Yong W. · 2026-08-10
unreviewed -
10
Choline insufficiency in mothers during gestation abolishes the metabolically restrained hepatic phenotype induced by gestational protein restriction and promotes hepatic steatosis in offspring.
Aizawa T, Ishiyama S, Nakamura T, Mochizuki K. · 2026-07-22
unreviewed
External claims. These come from an index outside this database and are not checked against it. Treat them as leads.