Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR / XDH-XO)
Cofactors used
Clinical / pharmacological. Target of allopurinol and febuxostat; deficiency causes xanthinuria
What it does, reaction by reaction
Purine Degradation (to Uric Acid) Nucleotide Metabolism · Cytosol
Hypoxanthine → xanthine
Converts Hypoxanthine into Xanthine
› Notes
Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) catalyzes hypoxanthine + H2O + oxidized electron acceptor → xanthine + reduced electron acceptor. As xanthine dehydrogenase, XOR can transfer electrons to NAD+; as xanthine oxidase, it transfers electrons to O2, generating superoxide and/or H2O2. The molybdenum cofactor, FAD, and iron-sulfur centers are required.
Xanthine → uric acid (urate)
Converts Xanthine into Uric acid
› Notes
XOR catalyzes xanthine + H2O + oxidized electron acceptor → uric acid + reduced electron acceptor. This is the terminal oxidation in humans and is effectively irreversible; uric acid is largely deprotonated to monosodium urate in extracellular fluid.
Showing all 2 reactions.
What accelerates and inhibits it
Regulation is pathway-specific, so each context is listed separately
Purine Degradation (to Uric Acid)
Listed there as: Xanthine oxidoreductase
Hypoxanthine/xanthine availability; conversion of dehydrogenase to oxidase can occur with oxidation/proteolysis
Allopurinol (via oxypurinol), febuxostat, topiroxostat
No dominant acute hormonal regulation; expression can rise with inflammatory and hypoxic/ischemic stress.
Recent literature
Europe PMC · from cache · sorted by publication date
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1
A portable sensing platform enabled by permanganate-peroxide coupling for time-resolved analysis of xanthine oxidase activity in circulating tumor cells.
Zhao X, Chen S, Chen J, Fang H, Yao J, Guo Z, Hu Y, Wu L, Qing Z. · 2026-06-25
unreviewed -
2
Benchmarking analytical parameters of chemiluminescent superoxide systems for robust quantification of graphene oxide redox activity.
Chermashentsev GR, Poimenova IA, Ovseenko ST, Ratova DV, Proskurnina EV, Proskurnin MA, Mikheev IV. · 2026-06-03
unreviewed -
3
Polydatin alleviates adenine-induced nephropathy in mice.
Sheng T, Ma T, Jin X, Chen D, Che S, Wang J, Shen J, Shi C, Li Q, Sun Y, Chen D, Xu G. · 2026-05-31
open access unreviewed -
4
<i>In situ</i> continuous evolution of native transporter HGT1 unlocks xylose utilization in <i>Kluyveromyces lactis</i>.
Chen X, Chen S, Zhou J, Du G, Zhang G. · 2026-05-16
open access unreviewed -
5
Grass carp catalase inhibits GCRV replication through ROS scavenging-mediated immune suppression and autophagy.
Wang X, Zou X, Liu L, Liang X, Wang H, Yang C, Li Y, Liao L, Zhu Z, Wang Y, Zhao J, He L. · 2026-06-02
open access unreviewed -
6
Flavonoids from <i>Elsholtzia ciliata</i> restore redox electron flow and metabolic signaling via PTP1B inhibition in muscle and liver cells.
Lee SS, Kim JH, Bang K, Yu J, Kim YG, Kim SY, Lee IS, Yoo YC. · 2026-05-11
open access unreviewed -
7
Gut microbiota metabolic reprogramming drives the development of metabolic diseases in the host.
Wang Y, Huang B, Wei X, Guan Y, Li L, Zheng Y, Sun W. · 2026-03-14
cited 10× open access unreviewed -
8
The mouse gastric surface epithelial cell and its response to early <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> infection.
Erhardsson M, Santos L, Benktander J, Sharba S, Thorell K, Lindén S. · 2026-03-25
open access unreviewed -
9
Exploring the gut microbiome and metabolomic interactions of antimetabolite drugs to optimize therapy.
Chen J, Wang Y, Xu L, Li X, Zhao L. · 2026-02-27
open access unreviewed -
10
<i>Fusobacterium nucleatum</i> plays a pathogenic role in a murine model of irritable bowel syndrome by modulating intestinal purine metabolism and promoting mast cell activation.
Hou S, Ning T, Liu S, Yang X, Ye H, Zhou Y, Wang C, Zhu J, Lu S, Zhang N, Zhu S. · 2026-01-28
open access unreviewed
External claims. These come from an index outside this database and are not checked against it. Treat them as leads.