rate-limiting unreviewed

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC1)

1 reactions · 1 pathways

Cofactors used

ATP Bicarbonate/CO2 Biotin (B7) · B7 (Biotin) Pi

Clinical / pharmacological. Biotin-dependent; inhibited by AMPK; ACC inhibitors studied in NASH/obesity

What it does, reaction by reaction

1 reactions

Fatty Acid Synthesis (De Novo Lipogenesis) Lipid Metabolism · Cytosol

step 5 Irreversible rate-limiting

Acetyl-CoA + HCO3− + ATP → malonyl-CoA + ADP + Pi

Converts Acetyl-CoA HCO3- ATP into Malonyl-CoA ADP Pi

› Notes

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC1) uses covalently bound biotin, ATP, and bicarbonate to carboxylate acetyl-CoA. This is the committed, rate-limiting, and irreversible regulatory step of cytosolic fatty-acid synthesis. The added carbon is later released as CO2 and thereby drives chain elongation.

Showing all 1 reactions.

What accelerates and inhibits it

Regulation is pathway-specific, so each context is listed separately

1 entries

Fatty Acid Synthesis (De Novo Lipogenesis)

Accelerated by

Citrate; dephosphorylation; insulin-induced expression

Inhibited by

Palmitoyl-CoA and other long-chain acyl-CoAs; phosphorylation by AMPK and PKA

Hormonal control

Insulin activates by dephosphorylation and induces transcription through SREBP-1c; glucagon/epinephrine inhibit through phosphorylation in liver/adipose

Recent literature

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Europe PMC · fetched just now · sorted by publication date

1
Engineering nonconventional yeasts to produce carboxylic acids: Advances and Prospects.
Zhang L, Fan Y, Shi W, Zhou X. · 2026-07-16

open access unreviewed
2
Low-dose l-carnitine supplementation attenuates hepatic lipid accumulation in chow-fed mice: Insights from integrated multi-omics analysis.
Zhang Z, Ding B, Zhang L, Zhang L, Huang Y. · 2026-09-10

open access unreviewed
3
From candidate genes to whole-genome approaches: current insights into the genetic architecture of ovine milk production and quality traits.
Mastrangelo S, Benanti A, Tumino S, Criscione A, Cesarani A. · 2026-09-15

open access unreviewed
4
Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for de novo biosynthesis of isoorientin.
Song Z, Zhang F, Qi X. · 2026-08-06

open access unreviewed
5
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) inhibits African swine fever virus replication by targeting key viral proteins and regulating host lipid metabolism.
He X, Li H, Yang R, Li P, Wang G, Cao H, Sun Y, Zhang M, Li Y, Shi K, Jongkaewwattana A, Ruan S, Li W. · 2026-09-18

open access unreviewed
6
Natural microbiota confer life-long protection against obesity via an early-life, immune-mediated effect on brown adipocytes.
Azar S, Gavrilova O, Baker G, Oh JH, Fukutomi K, Seishima J, Ma J, Kwak M, Badger JH, Trinchieri G, Hild B, A… · 2026-08-23

open access unreviewed
7
Phocaeicola coprocola attenuates liver fibrosis by modulating extracellular matrix remodeling.
Lee KJ, Park JH, Park H, Kim MJ, Yoon H, Kim JM, Han SH, Suk KT. · 2026-08-17

open access unreviewed
8
Lactobacillus johnsonii mediates the protective effects of pristimerin against ulcerative colitis and concomitant liver injury through remodeling hepatic lipid metabolism via LXRα-SCD1 axis.
Cheng Y, Wu ZE, Huang R, Li Q, Yan D, Chen Y, Zhu W, Li F. · 2026-07-17

open access unreviewed
9
Microbiota-liver axis and host transcriptomic mechanisms underlying the anti-obesity effects of Bifidobacterium animalis DPU-MWFBA in early-life overfeeding.
Gao Z, Zhao B, Mu G, Nie H, Wu X. · 2026-06-27

unreviewed
10
Multi-omics characterization of glucose-lipid metabolic remodeling associated with Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. ex Sm. treatment in a type 2 diabetic mouse model.
Zeng Z, Liu Y, Xiao G, Jia C, Wu M, Li Y, Jiang J, Zhang J, Xu A, Bi X. · 2026-06-20

unreviewed

External claims. These come from an index outside this database and are not checked against it. Treat them as leads.