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rate-limiting unreviewed

Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)

2 reactions · 2 pathways

Cofactors used

ATP Mg2+ · Magnesium

Clinical / pharmacological. Tarui disease (GSD VII): exercise intolerance, haemolysis

What it does, reaction by reaction

2 reactions

Glycolysis Carbohydrate Metabolism · Cytosol

step 3 Irreversible rate-limiting

Fructose-6-phosphate + ATP -> fructose-1,6-bisphosphate + ADP

Converts Fructose-6-phosphate into Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

› Notes

Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) uses ATP and Mg2+. This is the principal rate-limiting, committed, and irreversible step of glycolysis; fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is committed to glycolytic cleavage rather than glucose-6-phosphate-dependent alternative pathways.

Anaerobic Glycolysis / Lactic Acid Fermentation Energy Metabolism & Cellular Respiration · Cytosol

step 3 Irreversible rate-limiting

Fructose-6-phosphate + ATP → fructose-1,6-bisphosphate + ADP

Converts Fructose-6-phosphate ATP into Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate ADP

› Notes

Required cofactors: ATP and Mg2+. This is the pathway’s essentially irreversible, rate-limiting, and committed step of glycolysis; once fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is formed, the carbon is committed to glycolytic cleavage rather than glycogen synthesis or pentose phosphate flux.

Showing all 2 reactions.

What accelerates and inhibits it

Regulation is pathway-specific, so each context is listed separately

2 entries

Anaerobic Glycolysis / Lactic Acid Fermentation

Accelerated by

AMP, ADP, Pi, fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

Inhibited by

ATP, citrate, low pH (H+) in muscle

Hormonal control

Insulin activates hepatic PFK-2 activity, raising fructose-2,6-bisphosphate and PFK-1 flux; glucagon via PKA lowers fructose-2,6-bisphosphate in liver and inhibits glycolysis

Glycolysis

Listed there as: Phosphofructokinase-1

Accelerated by

AMP, ADP, fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

Inhibited by

ATP, citrate, low pH (especially muscle)

Hormonal control

Insulin increases hepatic fructose-2,6-bisphosphate through dephosphorylated PFK-2/FBPase-2; glucagon lowers it via protein kinase A

Recent literature

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Europe PMC · fetched just now · sorted by publication date

  1. 1
    A comprehensive review of the physiology and evidence base to guide the use of ergogenic and medical supplements for enhanced cycling performance.

    Rowland A, Edwards S, Prieto-Bellver G, Menz B, Rowland A, Cornelisse E, Karapetis CS, Wallen MP, Hopkins AM. · 2026-02-13

    open access unreviewed
  2. 2
    Parathyroid Hormone Modulates Alveolar Bone Metabolism via Inducing Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells Aerobic Glycolysis.

    Wu X, Chen X, Lu Y, Wang J, Lv H, Peng L, Xia L, Fang B, Pan X. · 2026-04-22

    cited 1× open access unreviewed
  3. 3
    On the Origin of the Brain Semi-Heavy Water Deuterium MR Signal Following Administration of Deuterated Metabolic Substrate: A Cautionary Tale.

    Ackerman JJH, Ge X, Rensing N, Neil JJ, Thio LL, Garbow JR. · 2026-03-24

    open access unreviewed
  4. 4
    Dynamic regulation of the 'mitochondria‑immune axis' in myocardial infarction: Molecular mechanisms driving macrophage polarization through energy metabolism disorders (Review).

    Zhang Y, Feng H, Wu Q, Yang S, Jiang Y, Xu H, Dong L, Li X, Chen H, Luo G. · 2026-05-22

    open access unreviewed
  5. 5
    Metabolic plasticity and optimal redox homeostasis are essential for efficient metastatic colonization.

    Grace E, Zou D, Böttcher-Loschinski R, Böttcher M, Schuhwerk H, Hajjaj Y, Schwab A, Brandt S, Clavel Ezquerra… · 2026-05-20

    open access unreviewed
  6. 6
    The Interplay of Splicing and Metabolism in Cancer.

    Voss DM, Cui Y, Klein PS. · 2026-06-20

    cited 1× open access unreviewed
  7. 7
    Neuroprotective Effects of Phenothiazines on Acute Ischemic Stroke.

    Wang Q, Li W, Wu D, Xu S, Ji X. · 2026-06-01

    open access unreviewed
  8. 8
    Environmental Concentrations of Herbicide Prometryn Increase the Susceptibility of Reef-Building Corals to Nitrate Stress.

    Li Q, Zhou Y, Kang W, Tang X, Hu B, Tang Z, Wu F, Downs CA, Zhao H. · 2026-06-03

    open access unreviewed
  9. 9
    First-in-Class Covalent Inhibitors of PFKFB3: Discovery and Characterization in PDAC Models.

    Fiore A, Scarano A, Antonini G, Corfù AI, Sicuro L, Faggiano S, Celesia A, Tesoriero C, Pacchiana R, Vettori … · 2026-05-25

    open access unreviewed
  10. 10
    Unveiling lactylation: A novel frontier in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (Review).

    Xiao Y, Wang N, Gui D, Xu Y. · 2026-03-27

    open access unreviewed

External claims. These come from an index outside this database and are not checked against it. Treat them as leads.