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rate-limiting unreviewed

Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)

2 reactions · 2 pathways

Cofactors used

ATP Mg2+ · Magnesium

Clinical / pharmacological. Tarui disease (GSD VII): exercise intolerance, haemolysis

What it does, reaction by reaction

2 reactions

Glycolysis Carbohydrate Metabolism · Cytosol

step 3 Irreversible rate-limiting

Fructose-6-phosphate + ATP -> fructose-1,6-bisphosphate + ADP

Converts Fructose-6-phosphate into Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

› Notes

Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) uses ATP and Mg2+. This is the principal rate-limiting, committed, and irreversible step of glycolysis; fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is committed to glycolytic cleavage rather than glucose-6-phosphate-dependent alternative pathways.

Anaerobic Glycolysis / Lactic Acid Fermentation Energy Metabolism & Cellular Respiration · Cytosol

step 3 Irreversible rate-limiting

Fructose-6-phosphate + ATP → fructose-1,6-bisphosphate + ADP

Converts Fructose-6-phosphate ATP into Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate ADP

› Notes

Required cofactors: ATP and Mg2+. This is the pathway’s essentially irreversible, rate-limiting, and committed step of glycolysis; once fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is formed, the carbon is committed to glycolytic cleavage rather than glycogen synthesis or pentose phosphate flux.

Showing all 2 reactions.

What accelerates and inhibits it

Regulation is pathway-specific, so each context is listed separately

2 entries

Anaerobic Glycolysis / Lactic Acid Fermentation

Accelerated by

AMP, ADP, Pi, fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

Inhibited by

ATP, citrate, low pH (H+) in muscle

Hormonal control

Insulin activates hepatic PFK-2 activity, raising fructose-2,6-bisphosphate and PFK-1 flux; glucagon via PKA lowers fructose-2,6-bisphosphate in liver and inhibits glycolysis

Glycolysis

Listed there as: Phosphofructokinase-1

Accelerated by

AMP, ADP, fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

Inhibited by

ATP, citrate, low pH (especially muscle)

Hormonal control

Insulin increases hepatic fructose-2,6-bisphosphate through dephosphorylated PFK-2/FBPase-2; glucagon lowers it via protein kinase A

Recent literature

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Europe PMC · fetched just now · sorted by publication date

  1. 1
    A comprehensive review of the physiology and evidence base to guide the use of ergogenic and medical supplements for enhanced cycling performance.

    Rowland A, Edwards S, Prieto-Bellver G, Menz B, Rowland A, Cornelisse E, Karapetis CS, Wallen MP, Hopkins AM. · 2026-02-13

    cited 2× open access unreviewed
  2. 2
    Mitochondrial Metabolic Reprogramming in Glioma: Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Implications for Clinical Therapy.

    Jiang L, Li M, Li Z, Liu Q, Li Y. · 2026-10-01

    open access unreviewed
  3. 3
    Glucose metabolism in osteoporosis: A potential therapeutic target (Review).

    Peng S, Yao Z, Guo J, Zhang C, Yang K, Tao L. · 2026-08-21

    open access unreviewed
  4. 4
    Nrf2-dependent reprogramming of brown adipose tissue in orthotopic breast cancer model: implications for altered systemic homeostasis.

    Vukobratovic M, Jevtic J, Zakic T, Pekovic-Vaughan V, Korac A, Korac B, Jankovic A. · 2026-08-10

    open access unreviewed
  5. 5
    ATP Inside and Out: Understanding Atherosclerosis Through Energy Metabolism and Purinergic Signaling.

    Baba O, Ono K. · 2026-06-11

    open access unreviewed
  6. 6
    Dietary Fructose and Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer: Metabolic, Microbial, and Translational Perspectives.

    Tangyingyong S, Abu-Fares H, Susiriwatananont T. · 2026-09-14

    open access unreviewed
  7. 7
    Transcription Factor XBP1s Impairs Endometrial Receptivity by Promoting ENO1-Mediated Glycolysis and Lactate Production.

    Gao K, Si M, Wang H, Zhang H, Zhu F, Lin P, Chen H, Zheng X, Jin Y. · 2026-09-14

    open access unreviewed
  8. 8
    A Tarui Disease Phenotype with Compensated Hemolysis and a Homozygous <i>PFKM</i> Variant of Uncertain Significance Mimicking Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia.

    Neculcea AC, Aanicai R, Massoto B, Nistor RI, Fierbințeanu-Braticevici C, Mambet C, Mititelu A, Neagu AM, Par… · 2026-09-07

    open access unreviewed
  9. 9
    Integration of Single-Cell and Bulk RNA Sequencing Data to Identify Lactylation-Related Gene Signatures in Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Using Machine Learning Algorithms.

    Jing S, Zhu Z. · 2026-09-07

    open access unreviewed
  10. 10
    Iron-Sulfur Cluster Targeting: A Novel Perspective for Treating Alcohol-Related Lipid Metabolic Diseases.

    Xu L, Xu Z, Su C, Zhao Y, Qiang L, Jing X, Sun Y. · 2026-09-01

    cited 1× open access unreviewed

External claims. These come from an index outside this database and are not checked against it. Treat them as leads.