Hexokinase I-III
Cofactors used
Clinical / pharmacological. GCK mutations: MODY2; HK1 deficiency: haemolytic anaemia
What it does, reaction by reaction
Glycolysis Carbohydrate Metabolism · Cytosol
Glucose + ATP -> glucose-6-phosphate + ADP
Converts Glucose into Glucose-6-phosphate
› Notes
Hexokinase I–III in most tissues, or glucokinase (hexokinase IV) in liver and pancreatic beta cells, transfers the terminal phosphate of ATP to glucose; Mg2+ is required. This is an irreversible trapping step; it is not the committed step because glucose-6-phosphate can enter glycogenesis or the pentose phosphate pathway. Hexokinase is product-inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate, whereas glucokinase has a high Km and high Vmax and is regulated by glucokinase regulatory protein in hepatocytes.
Anaerobic Glycolysis / Lactic Acid Fermentation Energy Metabolism & Cellular Respiration · Cytosol
Glucose + ATP → glucose-6-phosphate + ADP
Converts Glucose ATP into Glucose-6-phosphate ADP
› Notes
Required cofactors: ATP and Mg2+. This reaction is essentially irreversible and traps glucose inside the cell; hexokinase is inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate, whereas glucokinase has a high Km and is not inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate.
Showing all 2 reactions.
What accelerates and inhibits it
Regulation is pathway-specific, so each context is listed separately
No regulation recorded for this enzyme in the source documents.
Recent literature
Europe PMC · from cache · sorted by publication date
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1
G6PC2 controls glucagon secretion by defining the set point for glucose in pancreatic α cells.
Bahl V, Rifkind R, Waite E, Hamdan Z, May CL, Manduchi E, Voight BF, Lee MYY, Tigue M, Manuto N, Glaser B, Av… · 2025-01-01
cited 7× unreviewed -
2
Conserved glucokinase regulation in zebrafish confirms therapeutic utility for pharmacologic modulation in diabetes.
Schmitner N, Thumer S, Regele D, Mayer E, Bergerweiss I, Helker C, Stainier DYR, Meyer D, Kimmel RA. · 2024-11-23
cited 5× open access unreviewed -
3
Biomarkers of autoimmunity and beta cell metabolism in type 1 diabetes.
Yang ML, Kibbey RG, Mamula MJ. · 2022-10-27
cited 9× open access unreviewed -
4
Glucokinase intrinsically regulates glucose sensing and glucagon secretion in pancreatic alpha cells.
Moede T, Leibiger B, Vaca Sanchez P, Daré E, Köhler M, Muhandiramlage TP, Leibiger IB, Berggren PO. · 2020-11-19
cited 34× open access unreviewed -
5
When a Little Bit More Makes the Difference: Expression Levels of GKRP Determines the Subcellular Localization of GK in Tanycytes.
Salgado M, Ordenes P, Villagra M, Uribe E, García-Robles MLA, Tarifeño-Saldivia E. · 2019-03-29
cited 2× open access unreviewed -
6
Analysis and interpretation of transcriptomic data obtained from extended Warburg effect genes in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma.
Sanders E, Diehl S. · 2015-02-17
cited 43× open access unreviewed -
7
Spermatogenic cell-specific type 1 hexokinase is the predominant hexokinase in sperm.
Nakamura N, Shibata H, O'Brien DA, Mori C, Eddy EM. · 2008-04-01
cited 45× unreviewed -
8
Predictive blood glucose lowering efficacy by Glucokinase activators in high fat fed female Zucker rats.
Coope GJ, Atkinson AM, Allott C, McKerrecher D, Johnstone C, Pike KG, Holme PC, Vertigan H, Gill D, Coghlan M… · 2006-08-21
cited 57× unreviewed -
9
Zonation of gluconeogenesis, ketogenesis and intracellular pH in livers from normal and diabetic ketoacidotic rats: evidence for intralobular redistribution of metabolic events in ketoacidosis.
Burns SP, Cohen RD, Iles RA, Bailey RA, Desai M, Germain JP, Going TC. · 1999-10-01
cited 12× unreviewed
External claims. These come from an index outside this database and are not checked against it. Treat them as leads.